Axum Code Review

Review Workflow

1. 1. Check Cargo.toml — Note axum version (0.6 vs 0.7+ have different patterns), Rust edition (2021 vs 2024), tower, tower-http features. Edition 2024 changes RPIT lifetime capture in handler return types and removes the need for async-trait in custom extractors.
2. Check routing — Route organization, method routing, nested routers
3. Check extractors — Order matters (body extractors must be last), correct types
4. Check state — Shared state via State<T>, not global mutable state
5. Check error handling — IntoResponse implementations, error types

Output Format

Report findings as:

CODEBLOCK0

Quick Reference

Review Checklist

Routing

• - [ ] Routes organized by domain (nested routers for /api/users, /api/orders)
• [ ] Fallback handlers defined for 404s
• [ ] Method routing explicit (.get(), .post(), not .route() with manual method matching)
• [ ] No route conflicts (overlapping paths with different extractors)

Extractors

• - [ ] Body-consuming extractors (Json, Form, Bytes) are the LAST parameter
• [ ] State<T> requires T: Clone — typically Arc<AppState> or direct Clone derive
• [ ] Path<T> parameter types match the route definition
• [ ] Query<T> fields are Option for optional query params with INLINECODE18
• [ ] Custom extractors implement FromRequestParts (not body) or FromRequest (body)
• [ ] Edition 2024: Custom extractors use native async fn in trait impls (no #[async_trait] needed for FromRequest/FromRequestParts)

State Management

• - [ ] Application state shared via State<T>, not global mutable statics
• [ ] Database pool in state (not created per-request)
• [ ] State contains only shared resources (pool, config, channels), not request-specific data
• [ ] Clone derived or manually implemented on state type
• [ ] Edition 2024: Shared static state uses LazyLock from std (not once_cell::sync::Lazy or lazy_static!)

Error Handling

• - [ ] Handler errors implement IntoResponse for proper HTTP error codes
• [ ] Internal errors don't leak to clients (no raw error messages in 500 responses)
• [ ] Error responses use consistent format (JSON error body with code/message)
• [ ] Result<impl IntoResponse, AppError> pattern used for handlers
• [ ] Edition 2024: Handler return types -> impl IntoResponse capture all in-scope lifetimes by default; use + use<> to opt out of capturing request lifetimes when returning owned data

Middleware

• - [ ] Tower layers applied in correct order (outer runs first on request, last on response)
• [ ] tower-http used for common concerns (CORS, compression, tracing, timeout)
• [ ] Request-scoped data passed via extensions, not global state
• [ ] Middleware errors don't panic — they return error responses
• [ ] Edition 2024: Middleware using #[async_trait] can migrate to native async fn in trait impls

Severity Calibration

Critical

• - Body extractor not last in handler parameters (silently consumes body, later extractors fail)
• SQL injection via path/query parameters passed directly to queries
• Internal error details leaked to clients (stack traces, database errors)
• Missing authentication middleware on protected routes

Major

• - Global mutable state instead of State<T> (race conditions)
• Missing error type conversion (raw sqlx::Error returned to client)
• Missing request timeout (handlers can hang indefinitely)
• Route conflicts causing unexpected 405s
• Edition 2024: async-trait still used for FromRequest/FromRequestParts when native async fn works

Minor

• - Manual route method matching instead of .get(), INLINECODE43
• Missing fallback handler (default 404 is plain text, not JSON)
• Middleware applied per-route when it should be global (or vice versa)
• Missing tower-http::trace for request logging
• Edition 2024: once_cell::sync::Lazy or lazy_static! used where std::sync::LazyLock works

Informational

• - Suggestions to use tower-http layers for common concerns
• Router organization improvements
• Suggestions to add OpenAPI documentation via utoipa or INLINECODE50

Valid Patterns (Do NOT Flag)

• - #[axum::debug_handler] on handlers — Debugging aid that improves compile error messages
• Extension<T> for middleware-injected data — Valid pattern for request-scoped values
• Returning impl IntoResponse from handlers — More flexible than concrete types
• Router::new() per module, merged in main — Standard organization pattern
• ServiceBuilder for layer composition — Tower pattern, not over-engineering
• axum::serve with TcpListener — Standard axum 0.7+ server setup
• Native async fn in FromRequest/FromRequestParts impls — async-trait crate no longer needed (stable since Rust 1.75)
• + use<'a> on handler return types — Edition 2024 precise capture syntax for RPIT
• std::sync::LazyLock for shared static state — Replaces once_cell/lazy_static (stable since Rust 1.80)

Before Submitting Findings

Load and follow beagle-rust:review-verification-protocol before reporting any issue.