Debt Survival

Your income dropped. Your bills didn't. You're staring at a stack of obligations that made sense when you had a paycheck and now feel like a wall closing in. This skill is about triage: what to pay, what to negotiate, what to let go, and what happens if you do.

This is not a debt optimization guide for people trying to improve their credit score by 20 points. This is for people who cannot pay everything and need to know what matters most. Laws referenced (FDCPA, FCRA, statute of limitations) are US-specific.

``agent-adaptation # Localization required — this skill references US-specific laws and systems. # Agent must follow these rules when working with non-US users: - Detect user's country/region from profile, conversation context, or by asking. - If non-US: substitute the relevant local equivalents for all legal references. Examples: - FDCPA (Fair Debt Collection Practices Act) → Consumer Credit Act (UK), National Consumer Credit Protection Act (Australia), Consumer Protection Act (Canada) - FCRA (credit reporting) → Consumer Credit Regulations (UK), Privacy Act (Australia) - Statute of limitations on debt: varies dramatically by country and debt type — research the specific jurisdiction before advising the user - Bankruptcy rules: highly jurisdiction-specific. Research local process. - Credit bureaus (Equifax, Experian, TransUnion US) → same names operate internationally but with different rules; plus national bureaus (e.g., Noddle/TransUnion UK) - Always cite the legal sources you reference for the user's jurisdiction. - Always warn before any legal action step: "This step is US law — verify the equivalent rights and procedures in your country before proceeding." - If unsure of jurisdiction: ASK the user for their country/region before providing any jurisdiction-specific legal guidance. CODEBLOCK0 PAYMENT HIERARCHY — PAY IN THIS ORDER: TIER 1: SURVIVAL (pay these first, always) 1. Food and medicine 2. Rent or mortgage (roof over your head) 3. Utilities — electric, water, heat → Call utility companies BEFORE missing a payment → Ask about budget billing, payment plans, or LIHEAP assistance → Most states prohibit utility shutoff in winter months 4. Essential transportation (car payment IF you need it for work/interviews) 5. Child support (non-payment has legal consequences including jail) TIER 2: PROTECT (pay if possible, negotiate if not) 6. Health insurance premiums 7. Car insurance (required by law, and losing it cascades) 8. Secured debts where you'll lose the collateral (car loan if you need the car, home equity loan) 9. Student loans → Federal: apply for Income-Driven Repayment (IDR) — payments can drop to $0 based on income. Go to studentaid.gov → Federal: apply for deferment or forbearance if income is zero → Private: call and ask for hardship options TIER 3: NEGOTIATE (call before you miss, or after — but call) 10. Credit cards — call the issuer and ask for their hardship program → Most have programs: reduced APR, lower minimums, deferred payments → Say: "I'm experiencing a financial hardship and I'd like to discuss options for my account." 11. Medical bills — almost always negotiable → Ask for an itemized bill first (charges often drop) → Ask for the "self-pay" or "uninsured" discount (30-70% off) → Request a payment plan with no interest → Apply for the hospital's financial assistance / charity care (non-profits are legally required to have one) 12. Personal loans TIER 4: LAST PRIORITY 13. Collections on old debt (see Step 3) 14. Debts past the statute of limitations (see Step 4) THE PRINCIPLE: Feed yourself. Keep the lights on. Keep your housing. Everything else is negotiable, deferrable, or survivable. CODEBLOCK1 WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU STOP PAYING: CREDIT CARDS: 30 days late → Late fee. Reported to credit bureaus. 60 days late → Interest rate may jump to penalty APR (29.99%). 90 days late → Credit score drops significantly (60-110 points). 120-180 days → Account "charged off" — sold to a collection agency. After charge-off → Collector calls. Possible lawsuit (varies by amount and state). Cannot garnish wages without a court judgment. Credit score recovery → The late payments stay on your report for 7 years from the date of first delinquency, but their impact fades over time. After 2-3 years the effect is substantially reduced. MEDICAL BILLS: Hospitals generally wait 120-180 days before sending to collections. Medical debt under $500 is no longer reported to credit bureaus (as of 2023 credit bureau policy changes). Medical debt cannot lead to wage garnishment in many states without a lawsuit and judgment. Non-profit hospitals MUST offer financial assistance. Ask for it. STUDENT LOANS (FEDERAL): 270 days late → Default. Entire balance becomes due immediately. Federal government can garnish wages WITHOUT a court order (up to 15%). Federal government can seize tax refunds and Social Security. NO statute of limitations on federal student loans. SOLUTION: Get on an Income-Driven Repayment plan BEFORE default. If already in default: look into loan rehabilitation or consolidation. STUDENT LOANS (PRIVATE): Treated like any other unsecured debt. Subject to state statute of limitations. Must sue you and get a judgment before garnishing wages. MORTGAGE: Most states require 120 days delinquent before foreclosure can begin. Foreclosure timelines vary wildly (90 days to 2+ years by state). Call your servicer IMMEDIATELY for forbearance or modification. HUD-approved housing counselors (free): call 1-800-569-4287 AUTO LOAN: Repossession can happen after ONE missed payment in most states. No court order required — they can tow it from your driveway. If you need the car, prioritize this payment. If you don't need the car, voluntary surrender saves repo fees. CODEBLOCK2 YOUR RIGHTS UNDER THE FDCPA: 1. You can DEMAND proof the debt is yours (debt validation). They must stop collecting until they provide it. 2. You can demand they only contact you in writing. Say or write: "I request that all future communication regarding this account be in writing only. Do not contact me by phone." 3. They CANNOT: - Call before 8 AM or after 9 PM in your time zone - Call your workplace if you tell them not to - Threaten arrest or jail (debt is civil, not criminal) - Use abusive or obscene language - Misrepresent the amount owed - Threaten actions they cannot legally take - Contact your family, friends, or neighbors about the debt (one contact to locate you is allowed, but no disclosure of debt) - Add fees or interest not in the original agreement 4. Each FDCPA violation = up to $1,000 in statutory damages to YOU. Report violations to the CFPB: consumerfinance.gov/complaint or call 1-855-411-2372 DEBT VALIDATION LETTER — SEND WITHIN 30 DAYS OF FIRST CONTACT: [Your name] [Your address] [Date] [Collector name] [Collector address] Re: Account #[number from their letter] To Whom It May Concern, Under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (15 U.S.C. 1692g), I am requesting validation of the above referenced debt. Please provide: 1. The exact amount of the alleged debt with an itemized accounting 2. The name and address of the original creditor 3. A copy of the original signed agreement between me and the original creditor 4. Proof that the statute of limitations has not expired on this debt 5. Proof that your company is licensed to collect debt in [your state] 6. A complete payment history from the original creditor I request all future communication be in writing only. Do not contact me by telephone. Until this debt is validated as required by law, cease all collection activity. Sincerely, [Your name] SEND VIA CERTIFIED MAIL, RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED. Keep the receipt. Keep a copy of the letter. Log the date. CODEBLOCK3 STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS BASICS: - The clock starts from the date of your LAST PAYMENT (or last activity, depending on state law) - Most states: 3-6 years for credit card debt - Some states: as short as 2 years, as long as 10 - Look up yours: search "[your state] statute of limitations debt" CRITICAL WARNINGS: x Making ANY payment — even $1 — restarts the clock in most states x Acknowledging the debt in writing may restart the clock x A partial payment restarts the clock x Promising to pay can restart the clock in some states → If a collector calls about old debt, do NOT confirm it's yours → Do NOT agree to "a small good-faith payment" → Say: "Send me written validation of this debt." IF THE DEBT IS TIME-BARRED: - The collector cannot sue you (and if they do, "expired statute of limitations" is your defense — but you MUST show up to court) - They can still call and send letters (annoying but not dangerous) - Send a cease-and-desist letter to stop contact entirely - The debt still appears on your credit report for 7 years from date of first delinquency, but it's unenforceable CODEBLOCK4 SETTLEMENT STRATEGY: - Collectors buy debt for 4-10 cents on the dollar - They are profitable at any amount above what they paid - Start your offer at 20-25% of the total claimed amount - Expect to settle between 30-50% - Collectors are most willing to settle at month-end (quotas) - Lump-sum offers get bigger discounts than payment plans SETTLEMENT OFFER LETTER: [Your name] [Your address] [Date] [Collector name] [Collector address] Re: Account #[number] I am writing regarding the above referenced account. I am experiencing financial hardship and am unable to pay the full amount claimed. I am prepared to offer [amount — start at 20-25%] as a one-time payment in full and final satisfaction of this account. This offer is contingent on: 1. Written acceptance of this amount as payment in FULL satisfaction 2. Agreement to report the account as "Settled in Full" or "Paid" to all three credit bureaus (Equifax, Experian, TransUnion) 3. A signed settlement agreement sent to me BEFORE any payment is made 4. Agreement that no further collection will be attempted on any remaining balance This offer expires in 15 calendar days. Sincerely, [Your name] SEND VIA CERTIFIED MAIL, RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED. NEVER pay before getting written settlement terms. NEVER give a collector direct access to your bank account. Pay by money order or cashier's check. Keep copies of everything. CODEBLOCK5yaml financial_situation: monthly_income: null monthly_expenses: null total_available_cash: null income_change_date: null income_change_reason: "" debts: - creditor_name: "" original_creditor: "" account_number: "" debt_type: "" claimed_amount: 0 minimum_payment: 0 priority_tier: null date_of_last_payment: null state: "" statute_of_limitations_years: null statute_expires: null statute_expired: false in_collections: false collector_name: "" collector_contact_date: null validation_letter_sent: false validation_letter_date: null validation_received: false settlement_offer_amount: null settlement_offer_date: null settlement_accepted: false settlement_terms_received: false payment_settled: false hardship_program_requested: false hardship_program_active: false lawsuit_filed: false lawsuit_response_deadline: null fdcpa_violations: [] status: "new" communications_log: [] payment_hierarchy_created: false emergency_budget_active: false benefits_screened: false CODEBLOCK6yaml triggers: - name: validation_deadline condition: "any debt has validation_letter_sent AND NOT validation_received" delay: "30 days after validation_letter_date" action: "Validation deadline passed. Collector has not provided proof. This is a potential FDCPA violation. Draft cease-and-desist letter citing failure to validate under 15 U.S.C. 1692g. Advise user to file a CFPB complaint at consumerfinance.gov/complaint. Log the violation." - name: settlement_expiry condition: "any debt has settlement_offer_date SET AND NOT settlement_accepted" delay: "15 days after settlement_offer_date" action: "Settlement offer expired. Options: send a new offer at a slightly higher amount, wait for counter-offer, or escalate to a CFPB complaint if collector is unresponsive. Ask user for direction." - name: statute_check condition: "new debt added with date_of_last_payment" schedule: "on debt creation" action: "Calculate statute of limitations expiry based on state and debt type. If time-barred, immediately flag it and draft cease-and-desist letter. WARN user: do not make any payment, do not acknowledge the debt in writing, do not agree to a payment plan." - name: lawsuit_response_urgent condition: "any debt has lawsuit_filed AND lawsuit_response_deadline IS SET" delay: "7 days before lawsuit_response_deadline" action: "URGENT: Lawsuit response deadline approaching. User MUST file an answer with the court or risk default judgment. Recommend contacting legal aid: lawhelp.org or call 211. A default judgment allows wage garnishment, bank levy, and property liens." - name: monthly_review condition: "any debt has status != 'resolved'" schedule: "monthly" action: "Monthly debt review. For each active debt: check validation status, settlement progress, statute of limitations proximity, and any upcoming deadlines. Generate summary with prioritized next steps." - name: fdcpa_violation_alert condition: "collector contacts by phone after written-only request OR contacts outside 8AM-9PM OR contacts third parties" action: "FDCPA violation detected. Log date, time, caller info, and nature of violation. Each violation = up to $1,000 in statutory damages. Advise user to document everything and file a CFPB complaint. If pattern of violations exists, recommend consulting a consumer rights attorney (many work on contingency)." - name: hardship_program_followup condition: "any debt has hardship_program_requested AND NOT hardship_program_active" delay: "14 days after request" action: "Hardship program request has not been confirmed. Follow up with creditor. If denied, ask for the denial reason and whether alternative arrangements exist. Document the response." ``