Card Formulation Rules
One fact per card: Never combine multiple concepts. "What is X?" not "What are X, Y, and Z?"
Atomic questions: Break complex topics into smallest testable units. Each card tests exactly one thing.
Bidirectional cards for definitions: Create both term→definition AND definition→term to prevent recognition-only learning.
Use cloze deletions for facts: "The mitochondria is the {{c1::powerhouse}} of the cell" forces active recall.
Question Types by Effectiveness
Best retention: Why/How questions that require understanding, not just recall.
Good retention: Fill-in-the-blank, definition recall, process steps.
Weak retention: Yes/No questions, multiple choice (use sparingly).
Avoid: Questions answerable by pattern matching or elimination.
Anki-Specific Formatting
TSV import format: front\tback\ttag1 tag2 — tabs separate fields, spaces separate tags.
Cloze syntax: {{c1::answer}} for single deletion, {{c1::first}} and {{c2::second}} for multiple.
Image occlusion: Use for diagrams, maps, anatomical images. Hide labels, reveal on flip.
Tags for organization: Use hierarchical tags subject::topic::subtopic for filtered study.
Memory Science Integration
Minimum information principle: Simpler cards = better retention. If card feels complex, split it.
Personal connection: Add context from your experience. "X reminds me of Y" strengthens encoding.
Concrete over abstract: "Paris is capital of France" beats "Capitals are important cities."
Imagery when possible: Visual descriptions enhance memory. "Mitochondria = bean-shaped power plant."
Common Mistakes
Too much text on back: Keep answers under 20 words. Long answers = weak recall signal.
Orphan cards: Cards without context fail. Include source/chapter in tags.
Copy-paste from textbook: Rephrase in your own words. Understanding before memorization.
Skipping hard cards: Difficulty means you need it most. Never suspend without replacement.
Output Formats
Anki TSV: INLINECODE4
Quizlet import: Question and answer separated by tab, cards separated by newline.
Markdown table: For review before import.
CODEBLOCK0
Spaced Repetition Settings
New cards/day: 10-20 for sustainable learning. More causes review pile-up.
Review intervals: Trust the algorithm. Don't manually reschedule.
Again vs Hard: "Again" = complete failure (resets interval). "Hard" = struggle but recalled.
Leeches: Cards failed 8+ times need rewriting, not more repetition.
卡片编写规则
每张卡片只含一个知识点：切勿将多个概念合并。应使用什么是X？而非X、Y和Z是什么？
原子化问题：将复杂主题拆解为最小的可测试单元。每张卡片只测试一个知识点。
定义类双向卡片：同时创建术语→定义和定义→术语两种卡片，防止仅能识别式学习。
事实类知识使用填空题：线粒体是细胞的{{c1::能量工厂}}能强制主动回忆。
按效果分类的问题类型
最佳记忆效果：需要理解的为什么/如何类问题，而非仅凭回忆。
良好记忆效果：填空、定义回忆、流程步骤。
较弱记忆效果：是非题、选择题（谨慎使用）。
应避免：可通过模式匹配或排除法回答的问题。
Anki专用格式
TSV导入格式：正面\t背面\t标签1 标签2——制表符分隔字段，空格分隔标签。
填空题语法：单空用{{c1::答案}}，多空用{{c1::第一空}}和{{c2::第二空}}。
图片遮挡：用于图表、地图、解剖图像。隐藏标签，翻转时显示。
标签组织：使用层级标签学科::主题::子主题进行筛选学习。
记忆科学整合
最小信息原则：越简单的卡片记忆效果越好。若卡片感觉复杂，请拆分。
个人关联：添加自身经验背景。X让我想起Y能强化编码。
具体优于抽象：巴黎是法国首都优于首都是重要城市。
尽可能使用意象：视觉描述增强记忆。线粒体=豆形发电厂。
常见错误
背面文字过多：答案控制在20字以内。长答案=弱回忆信号。
孤立卡片：无背景的卡片难以记忆。在标签中包含来源/章节。
照搬教科书：用自己的话重新表述。先理解后记忆。
跳过困难卡片：难度意味着你最需要它。切勿不替换就暂停。
输出格式
Anki TSV：问题\t答案\t标签1 标签2
Quizlet导入：问题和答案用制表符分隔，卡片用换行分隔。
Markdown表格：用于导入前预览。
间隔重复设置
每日新卡片：可持续学习建议10-20张。过多会导致复习积压。
复习间隔：信任算法。不要手动重新安排。
再次与困难： 再次=完全失败（重置间隔）。困难=有挣扎但能回忆。
顽固卡片：失败8次以上的卡片需要重写，而非重复复习。
