RustRust编程技巧

Quick Reference

Topic	File	Key Trap
Ownership & Borrowing	INLINECODE0	Move semantics catch everyone
Strings & Types

types-strings.md | String vs &str, UTF-8 indexing | | Errors & Iteration | errors-iteration.md | unwrap() in production, lazy iterators | | Concurrency & Memory | concurrency-memory.md | Rc not Send, RefCell panics | | Advanced Traps | advanced-traps.md | unsafe, macros, FFI, performance |

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Critical Traps (High-Frequency Failures)

Ownership — #1 Source of Compiler Errors

• - Variable moved after use — clone explicitly or borrow with INLINECODE11
• for item in vec moves vec — use &vec or .iter() to borrow
• String moved into function — pass &str for read-only access

Borrowing — The Borrow Checker Always Wins

• - Can't have &mut and & simultaneously — restructure or interior mutability
• Returning reference to local fails — return owned value instead
• Mutable borrow through &mut self blocks all access — split struct or INLINECODE20

Lifetimes — When Compiler Can't Infer

• - 'static means CAN live forever, not DOES — String is 'static capable
• Struct with reference needs <'a> — INLINECODE24
• Function returning ref must tie to input — INLINECODE25

Strings — UTF-8 Surprises

• - s[0] doesn't compile — use .chars().nth(0) or INLINECODE28
• .len() returns bytes, not chars — use INLINECODE30
• s1 + &s2 moves s1 — use format!("{}{}", s1, s2) to keep both

Error Handling — Production Code

• - unwrap() panics — use ? or match in production
• ? needs Result/Option return type — main needs INLINECODE39
• expect("context") > unwrap() — shows why it panicked

Iterators — Lazy Evaluation

• - .iter() borrows, .into_iter() moves — choose carefully
• .collect() needs type — collect::<Vec<_>>() or typed binding
• Iterators are lazy — nothing runs until consumed

Concurrency — Thread Safety

• - Rc is NOT Send — use Arc for threads
• Mutex lock returns guard — auto-unlocks on drop, don't hold across await
• RwLock deadlock — reader upgrading to writer blocks forever

Memory — Smart Pointers

• - RefCell panics at runtime — if borrow rules violated
• Box for recursive types — compiler needs known size
• Avoid Rc<RefCell<T>> spaghetti — rethink ownership

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Common Compiler Errors (NEW)

Error	Cause	Fix
INLINECODE54	Used after move	Clone or borrow
INLINECODE55

Already borrowed | Restructure or RefCell | | missing lifetime specifier | Ambiguous reference | Add <'a> | | the trait bound X is not satisfied | Missing impl | Check trait bounds | | type annotations needed | Can't infer | Turbofish or explicit type | | cannot move out of borrowed content | Deref moves | Clone or pattern match |

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Cargo Traps (NEW)

• - cargo update updates Cargo.lock, not Cargo.toml — manual version bump needed
• Features are additive — can't disable a feature a dependency enables
• [dev-dependencies] not in release binary — but in tests/examples
• cargo build --release much faster — debug builds are slow intentionally