Someone Is Struggling
You've noticed something is wrong with someone you care about. They're withdrawing, drinking more, not themselves. You want to say something but you're afraid of making it worse. This skill gives you the exact words, the things to avoid, and the steps that actually help — based on Mental Health First Aid, QPR (Question Persuade Refer), and crisis intervention training.
Sources & Verification
- - QPR method: QPR Institute, QPR Gatekeeper Training for Suicide Prevention, qprinstitute.com — evidence-based gatekeeper training used by SAMHSA
- Mental Health First Aid: National Council for Mental Wellbeing, mentalhealthfirstaid.org — peer-reviewed curriculum adapted from Australian model
- Asking about suicide does not increase risk: Dazzi, T. et al., "Does asking about suicide and self-harm increase the risk? A systematic review," Psychological Medicine, 2014 (DOI: 10.1017/S0033291714001299)
- Connectedness as protective factor: CDC, "Suicide Prevention Resource for Action," 2022 (cdc.gov/suicide/resources)
- 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline: 988lifeline.org — verified active as of March 2026
- Crisis Text Line: text HOME to 741741, crisistextline.org
When to Use
- - User is worried about a friend, partner, or family member
- Someone they know seems depressed, withdrawn, or hopeless
- They suspect someone is drinking too much or using substances
- They're afraid someone might be thinking about suicide
- They want to help but don't know what to say
- Someone made a comment that scared them ("I can't do this anymore")
Instructions
Step 1: Assess what you're seeing
Help the user identify what's going on. Ask them to describe the behaviors they've noticed, then map to the appropriate level:
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Step 2: Start the conversation
The hardest part is opening your mouth. These scripts work because they're specific and non-judgmental.
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Step 3: What to do and what NOT to do
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Step 4: If you think they might be suicidal
You will not plant the idea by asking. Research is clear on this — asking about suicide does NOT increase risk. Not asking does.
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Step 5: Help them get professional support
If they're willing to get help, reduce every barrier you can.
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Step 6: Take care of yourself
Supporting someone in crisis takes a toll. You matter too.
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If This Fails
If your efforts to help aren't working or the situation escalates:
- 1. They refuse to talk? Don't force it. Say "The door is open whenever you're ready" and follow up in a few days. Persistence without pressure is the goal — most people don't open up on the first attempt.
- They opened up but refuse professional help? You cannot make someone get help. What you can do: keep showing up, normalize therapy ("I see a therapist too" if true), and reduce barriers ("I'll make the call with you"). Plant the seed and water it.
- You're in over your head? If you're losing sleep, feeling responsible for their life, or it's affecting your own mental health, talk to someone yourself. NAMI's family support groups (nami.org/support) are free and designed for exactly this situation.
- The situation involves substances? Substance abuse changes the playbook. Contact SAMHSA's helpline (1-800-662-4357, free, 24/7) for guidance on how to approach someone with a substance use problem. Al-Anon (al-anon.org) supports families and friends specifically.
- They're in immediate danger? If someone has a plan, access to means, or is actively self-harming: call 911 or take them to the nearest ER. This is not a betrayal — it is an emergency response. You can repair the relationship later. You cannot repair a death.
- You tried everything and nothing changed? Some people are not ready. That is not your failure. Document what you did (for your own peace of mind), maintain the relationship as best you can, and keep crisis numbers accessible: 988 (call or text), Crisis Text Line (text HOME to 741741).
Rules
- - If there is ANY mention of suicidal ideation, provide 988 and crisis resources immediately — before anything else
- Never promise confidentiality about self-harm or suicide
- This skill is about the SUPPORTER, not the person in crisis. Help the user help their person.
- Do not diagnose. Help them recognize patterns, not label conditions.
- Always acknowledge that this is hard for the supporter too
Tips
- - The single most protective factor against suicide is connectedness. Your conversation might literally save a life.
- People rarely ask for help directly. The cry for help usually sounds like withdrawal, irritability, or "I'm tired."
- Following up matters more than the first conversation. A text that says "thinking about you" three days later shows it wasn't performative.
- If someone is abusing alcohol or substances, SAMHSA's helpline (1-800-662-4357) is the best first call. It's free, confidential, and available 24/7 in English and Spanish.
有人正在挣扎
你注意到你关心的人有些不对劲。他们在退缩、喝更多酒、不像他们自己了。你想说些什么,但又害怕让情况变得更糟。这项技能将基于心理健康急救、QPR(提问、说服、转介)和危机干预培训,为你提供确切的措辞、需要避免的事项以及真正有帮助的步骤。
来源与验证
何时使用
- - 用户担心朋友、伴侣或家人
- 他们认识的某人似乎抑郁、退缩或绝望
- 他们怀疑某人饮酒过量或使用药物
- 他们担心某人可能正在考虑自杀
- 他们想帮忙但不知道说什么
- 某人说了让他们害怕的话(我撑不下去了)
操作说明
第一步:评估你所看到的情况
帮助用户识别正在发生的事情。请他们描述注意到的行为,然后对应到适当的级别:
你在看到什么?
第一级——挣扎(行为变化):
[] 从曾经喜欢的活动或人群中退缩
[] 睡眠比平时多得多或少得多
[] 易怒、脾气暴躁或情绪平淡
[] 忽视责任、卫生或外表
[] 饮酒或使用药物比以往更多
[] 说诸如有什么意义或我没事之类的话,但实际上并非如此
第二级——危机中(即刻关注):
[] 谈论自己是负担(没有我你会过得更好)
[] 赠送物品
[] 告别或做最后安排
[] 在严重抑郁期后突然平静
[] 表达绝望(什么都不会改变)
[] 鲁莽行为增加(开快车、狂饮、寻衅滋事)
如果是第二级——直接进入第四步(危机干预)。
第二步:开始对话
最难的部分是开口。这些脚本之所以有效,是因为它们具体且不带评判。
开场白(选一个合适的):
直接型:
嘿,我注意到[具体行为],我很担心你。
我们能谈谈吗?
温和型:
我在乎你,最近感觉有些不一样。
我不是在评判——我只是想关心一下。
如果对方说我没事:
你可能没事。但如果你不是,我想让你知道
我在这里。你不必现在就说,但门一直开着。
如果对方变得防御:
我不是想纠正你或告诉你该怎么做。
我只是注意到了[具体事情],如果什么都不说我会更难受。
如果对方敞开心扉:
不要立即解决问题。只需倾听。
听起来真的很难。这种情况持续多久了?
对你来说,糟糕的一天是什么样的?
第三步:该做什么和不该做什么
该做的:
-> 指出你注意到的具体行为(而不是你看起来不对劲)
-> 多听少说
-> 认可:考虑到你所经历的,这说得通
-> 询问他们需要什么:你想要建议还是只需要有人倾听?
-> 跟进。一次对话不够。2-3天后再次关心。然后再之后继续。
-> 诚实地说明你的局限:我不是治疗师,但我可以帮你找到一位
不该做的:
-> 不要说往好处想或别人更惨
-> 不要试图通过讲述自己的经历来产生共鸣
-> 不要承诺对自伤或自杀想法保密
-> 不要下最后通牒(去寻求帮助,否则我就完了)
-> 不要试图当他们的治疗师
-> 不要轻描淡写:我相信会好起来的
-> 不要等他们来找你——他们不会的
第四步:如果你认为他们可能有自杀倾向
你不会因为询问而植入这个想法。研究明确表明——询问自杀并不会增加风险。不询问才会。
QPR方法(提问、说服、转介):
提问——直接询问:
你在想伤害自己吗?
你在想自杀吗?
说出这个词。不要绕弯子。
如果回答是:
-> 保持冷静。不要恐慌或表现出震惊。
-> 谢谢你告诉我。你不是一个人面对这个。
-> 你有计划吗?(这有助于评估紧急性)
-> 如果风险看起来迫在眉睫,不要让他们独处。
说服——将他们与帮助联系起来:
你现在愿意和我一起拨打988吗?
我能带你去急诊室吗?
我们能一起给你的治疗师打电话吗?
转介——交给专业人士:
-> 988自杀与危机生命线:拨打或发短信至988
-> 危机短信热线:发送HOME至741741
-> 如果情况紧急:拨打911
-> 退伍军人:退伍军人危机热线988,按1
第五步:帮助他们获得专业支持
如果他们愿意寻求帮助,尽可能减少每一个障碍。
让事情变得简单:
-> 我能帮你找治疗师吗?我们现在一起看看。
-> 我开车送你去预约。
-> 要我在候诊室陪你吗?
经济实惠的选择:
-> Open Path Collective(openpathcollective.org):30-80美元/次
-> NAMI帮助热线:1-800-950-NAMI(免费同伴支持)
-> SAMHSA帮助热线:1-800-662-4357(药物滥用,免费,24/7)
-> 社区心理健康中心(按收入比例收费)
-> 雇主EAP:通常3-8次免费保密咨询
-> 大学培训诊所:5-30美元/次
第六步:照顾好自己
支持处于危机中的人会消耗精力。你也很重要。
给支持者的话:
-> 你没有责任拯救他们。
你的责任是出现并将他们与帮助联系起来。
-> 设定界限。你可以在不24/7待命的情况下关心他们。
-> 自己也要找人谈谈——治疗师、朋友、NAMI的家庭支持小组。
-> 如果他们拒绝帮助,那不是你的失败。
你无法强迫康复。你只能保持门开着。
如果这不起作用
如果你帮助的努力没有奏效或情况升级:
- 1. 他们拒绝交谈? 不要强迫。说无论何时你准备好了,门都开着,几天后再跟进。目标是在不施加压力的情况下保持坚持——大多数人不会在第一次尝试时就敞开心扉。
- 他们敞开了心扉但拒绝专业帮助? 你无法强迫某人寻求帮助。你能做的是:继续出现,使治疗正常化(如果属实可以说我也看治疗师),并减少障碍(我陪你一起打电话)。播下种子并浇灌它。
- 你力不从心? 如果你失眠、觉得对他们的生命负有责任,或者这影响了你的心理健康,自己找人谈谈。NAMI的家庭支持小组(nami.org/support)是免费的,正是为这种情况设计的。
- 情况涉及药物滥用? 药物滥用改变了规则。联系SAMHSA帮助热线(1-800-662-4357,免费,24/7),获取如何接近有药物使用问题的人的指导。Al-Anon(al-anon.org)专门支持家人和朋友。
- 他们处于即时危险中? 如果有人有计划、有实施手段,或正在主动自伤:拨打911或带他们去最近的急诊室。这不是背叛——这是紧急响应。你以后可以修复关系。你无法修复死亡。
- 你尝试了一切,但什么都没有改变? 有些人还没有准备好。那不是你的失败。记录你做了什么(为了你自己的心安),尽可能维持关系,并保持危机号码在手边:988(拨打或发短信),危机短信热线(发送HOME至741741)。
规则
- - 如果提到任何自杀意念,立即提供988和危机资源——先于其他任何事情
- 绝不对自伤或自杀保密
- 这项技能是关于支持者的,而不是处于危机中的人。帮助用户帮助他们的那个人。
- 不要诊断。帮助他们识别模式,而不是贴标签。
- 始终承认这对支持者来说也很困难
提示
- - 预防自杀的最重要保护因素是联结感。你的对话可能真的能拯救一条生命。
- 人们很少直接寻求帮助。求助的呼声通常表现为退缩、易怒或我累了。
- 跟进比第一次对话更重要。三天后发一条在想你的短信表明这不是表演性的。
- 如果有人滥用酒精或药物,SAMHSA帮助热线(1-800-662-4357)是最好的第一个电话。它是免费的、保密的,24/7